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$B!J(B2$B!K!!;qK\(BC $B$O!"Fs$D$NItJ,$+$i@.$C$F$*$j!"0l$D$O!"@8;:Am7W(B c $B!"$b$&0l$D$O!"O+F/NO$K;Y=P$5$l$?2_J>Am7W(B v $B$G$"$k!#(Bc$B$O!"ITJQ;qK\$H$J$C$F$$$kItJ,$rI=$9!"$^$?!"(Bv$B$O!"2DJQ;qK\$H$J$C$F$$$kItJ,$rI=$9!#$G$"$k$+$i!"$^$:$O!"(BC = c + v $B$HI=$9!#2>$K!"A0B_$7;qK\$,!"(B500$B1Q%]%s%I$G$"$k$H$7$h$&!#$=$7$F!"$=$NFbLu$,!"(B500$B1Q%]%s%I(B= $BITJQJ,(B410$B1Q%]%s%I(B+ $B2DJQJ,(B 90$B1Q%]%s%I(B($B!r(B500 = $B!r(B410 const. + $B!r(B90 var.)$B$G$"$k$H$7$h$&!#$=$7$F!"@8;:2aDx$,=*N;$7$?;~!"2f!9$O!">&IJ$r&IJ$N2ACM(B =$B!J#c!\#v!K!\#s$G$"$j!"$3$3$N(B s $B$O!">jM>2ACM$G$"$k!#$^$?$O!"A0$K2f!9$,5-$7$??t;z$G=q$1$P!"$3$N>&IJ$N2ACM$O!"(B( $BITJQJ,(B410$B%]%s%I(B+$B2DJQJ,(B90$B%]%s%I(B ) + $BM>>jJ,(B90$B%]%s%I(B $B$H$J$k$G$"$m$&!#:G=i$N;qK\$,!":#$O!"(BC $B$+$i(BC' $B$X$H!"(B500$B1Q%]%s%I$+$i!"(B590$B1Q%]%s%I$X$HJQ2=$7$?$N$G$"$k!#$=$N0c$$$O!"(Bs $B!"$^$?$O!">jM>2ACM(B 90$B%]%s%I$G$"$k!#@8;:J*[email protected]$N2ACM$O!"A0B_$7;qK\$N2ACM$KEy$7$$$N$G$"$k$+$i!"@8;:J*[email protected]$N2ACM$r1[$($?@8;:J*$N2ACM$ND62aJ,$O!"A0B_$7;qK\$N3HBgJ,!"$^$?$O!"@8;:$5$l$?>jM>2ACM$G$"$k(B $B1>!9$O!"C1$J$kF18lH?I|$K$9$.$J$$!#(B
$B!J(B3$B!K!!$H$O$$$(!"$3$NF18lH?I|$K$D$$$F!"$b$&>/$7!">\$7$/D4$Y$F$_$h$&!#BPHf$5$;$i$l$F$$$kFs$D$N$b$N$O!"@8;:J*$N2ACM$H!"@8;:2aDx$G>CHq$5$l$?(B [email protected]$N2ACM$G$"$k!#$3$l$^$G!"2f!9$O!"O+F/J}$N;DM>$N2ACM$O!"$=$l$i$NF;6q$KB8:_$7B3$1$k!#$3$N;DM>ItJ,$O!"2ACM$N7A@.$K$O$J$s$i4sM?$7$J$$!#2f!9$O!"8=;~E@$G$O!"$3$NItJ,$K$D$$$F$O!"9MN830$K$7$F$*$$$F$b$$$$$G$"$m$&!#$3$NItJ,$r7W;;$KF~$l$?$H$7$F$b!"2?$N0c$$$b@8$8$J$$!#Nc$($P!"A0$N<0!"(Bc = 410$B1Q%]%s%I$re$2$F$_$h$&!#$3$NAm7W$,!"86NA$N2ACM(B312$B1Q%]%s%I$H!"Jd=u:`NA$N2ACM(B44$B1Q%]%s%I$H!"$=$7$F2aDx$K$*$1$k5!3#$NK`B;J,$N2ACM(B54$B1Q%]%s%I$+$i$J$C$F$$$k$H9M$($F$_$h$&!#$^$?!";HMQ$9$k5!3#$NA42ACM$,(B1,054$B1Q%]%s%I$G$"$k$H9M$($F$_$h$&!#$=$7$F!"$3$N5!3#$NA42ACM$+$i!"7W(B54$B1Q%]%s%I$NJ,$N$_$,@8;:J*$r:n$j=P$9$?$a$KA0B_$7$5$l!"$=$l$,!"2aDx$K$*$$$F!"5!3#$,<:$C$?K`B;J,$G$"$k$HJ,$+$k!#$3$NItJ,$,!"@8;:J*$H0lBN$K$J$C$?ItJ,$NA4$F$G$"$k!#$H$3$m$G!"$b$7!"2f!9$,!"F1MM!"5!3#A42ACM$N;DM>J,$K!"5$$E$/$J$i!"$=$l$i$O0MA3$H$7$F!"5!3#$N$&$A$KB8:_$7$D$E$1$F$*$j!"@8;:J*$K0\4I$5$l$k$b$N$H$7$F!"A0B_$7$5$l$?;qK\$N0lIt$G$"$k$3$H$bJ,$+$k$O$:$G$"$k!#$=$7$F!"$=$N$h$&$K!"2f!9$N7W;;$NN>B&$K$=$N$3$H$rI=$9$J$i$P!"2f!9$O!"0lJ}$K!"(B1,500$B1Q%]%s%I$r!"$=$7$FB>J}$K!"(B1,590$B1Q%]%s%I$rCV$+$J$1$l$P$J$i$L!#$3$l$i$NFs$D$N7W$N:9!"$^$?$O>jM>2ACM$O!"0MA3$H$7$F!"(B90$B1Q%]%s%I$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k!#=>$C$F!"$3$NK\A4JT$rDL$7$F!"FbMF$KL7=b$,$J$$8B$j!"2f!9$O>o$K!"@8;:CHq$5$l$?2ACM$r0UL#$7!"$=$N2ACM$N$_$r0UL#$9$k$b$N$H$9$k!#(B
$B!J(B4$B!K!!$=$NMM$J0UL#$rI=$9$b$N$H$7$F!"2f!9$O!"85$N8x<0(B C = c + v $B$KLa$C$F$_$h$&!#2f!9$,8+$FMh$?$h$&$K!"$3$N8x<0$O!"$D$.$N$h$&$KJQ7A$5$l$k!#(BC' = (c + v) + s $B!"$D$^$j!"(BC $B$,(B C' $B$K$J$k!#2f!9$O!"ITJQ;qK\$N2ACM$O@8;:J*$K0\4I$5$l$F!"C1$K@8;:J*$K:F8=$9$k$3$H$rCN$C$F$$$k!#?7$?$J!"$C$F!"@8;:J*$N2ACM$HF1$8$b$N$G$O$J$$!#$=$l$O!":G=i$KI=$l$?!"(B(c + v) + s$B!"$^$?$O!"ITJQ;qK\(B410$B1Q%]%s%I(B+ $B2DJQ;qK\(B90$B1Q%]%s%I(B+ $B>jM>2ACM(B90$B1Q%]%s%I$N$h$&$J$b$N$G$O$J$/!"(Bv + s $B$^$?$O!"2DJQ;qK\(B90$B%]%s%I(B+ $B>jM>2ACM(B90$B%]%s%I$J$N$G$"$k!#(B590$B1Q%]%s%I$G$O$J$/!"(B180$B1Q%]%s%I$J$N$G$"$k!#$b$72>$K!"(Bc = 0 $B$^$?$OB>$N8@MU$G1>$($P!"$b$72>$K!"$"$k9)6H$N0lItLg$G!";qK\2H$,!"@8;:l9g!"@8;:J*$K0\4I$9$kITJQ;qK\$O$J$$$G$"$m$&!#$3$N>l9g$N@8;:J*$N2ACMMWAG$O!"$9$J$o$A!"2f!9$NNc$G$"$C$?(B410$B1Q%]%s%I$O:o=|$5$l!"7W(B180$B1Q%]%s%I$,!"?7$?$J2ACM$H$7$FAOB$$5$l!"$^$?$O!"@8;:$5$l$?2ACM$G$"$k!#$3$NCf$K$O!">jM>2ACM$N(B90$B1Q%]%s%I$,4^$^$l$F$*$j!"$^$?!"ITJQ;qK\(B c $B$r$$$+$K5pBg$J$k$b$N$K$7$h$&$H!"F1$82ACM$KN1$^$k!#$D$^$j!"2f!9$K$H$C$F$O!"(BC = (0 + v) = v $B$^$?$O!"(BC'$B!"3HBg$5$l$?;qK\(B= v + s $B$G$"$k$N$@$+$i!"=>$C$F!"A0=R$N$H$*$j(BC'$B!](BC = s$B$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#0lJ}!"$b$7!"(Bif s = 0 $B$^$?$OJL$N8@MU$G1>$($P!"$b$7!"2DJQ;qK\$N7A<0$GA0B_$7$5$l$?O+F/NO$,!"$=$NEy2A$7$+@8;:$7$J$$$H$7$?$i!"2f!9$K$H$C$F$O!"(BC = c + v $B$^$?$O!"(BC'$B!"@8;:J*$N2ACM!](B(c + v) = 0 $B!"$^$?$O!"(BC = C' $B$G$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#A0B_$7;qK\$O!"$3$N>l9g!"$=$N2ACM$r3HBg$7$J$+$C$?$N$G$"$k!#(B
$B!J(B5$B!K!!9M;!$7$F$-$?$3$H$rF'$^$($l$P!"2f!9$O!">jM>2ACM$,!"=c?h$K!"O+F/NO$KJQ49$5$l$?;qK\$N0lIt$G$"$k2DJQ;qK\(Bv $B$N2ACMJQ2=$N7k2L$G$"$k$3$H$rCN$C$F$$$k!#$=$N7k2L!"(Bv + s = v + v $B!"$^$?$O!"(Bv + v$B$NA}2CJ,(B $B$H$J$k!#$G$"$k$+$i!"$$$m$$$m$H1>$C$?$H$7$F$b!"$?$@!"!V(Bv $B$N$_$,JQ2=$9$k!#!W$H$$$&$N$,;vl9g$O!"$$$D$G$b$3$N$h$&$JJ}K!$,;H$o$l$k!#(B
$BAa$/$bLuCL$H$J$k$,!"(Bc ,v , s $B$J$kMWAG$H!"$=$N2C;;7k2L$r<($9(BC , C' $B!"$=$l$K(BC'$B!](BC = $B$H1>$C$?8:;;<0$,EP>l$9$k>lLL!#$=$N3K?4$O!"!V(Bv $B$N$_$,JQ2=$9$k!#!W$H$$$&;v$C$F!"Ey<0>e$O!"(Bc = 0 $B$G$"$m$&$H!"(Bc = $B$$$+$J$k?t;z$G$"$m$&$H!"$3$3$K=R$Y$i$l$?C1=c$J?t<0$G$O!":8JU(B = $B1&JU(B $B$NEy<0$O@.$jN)$D$H$$$&$3$H$K$J$k!#$=$s$J$3$H$O>.3X@8$G$bJ,$+$k$N$K!"$J$s$GM>CL$J$s$@$H0l8@=P$=$&$J5$$,$9$k$N$G!"OC$rK\Bj$NJ}$KE>$8$h$&!#
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$B;d$NLu$7$?>e5-ItJ,$N!"8~:dLu$G$"$k!#6K$a$FMF0W$JItJ,$r$3$N$h$&$KFq2r$KLu$;$P$I$&$J$k$+!#O+F/NO$KEj$8$?2DJQ;qK\ItJ,$N$_$,>jM>2ACM$r;:$`$H$$$&;vC!&L8;6$5$;$k$G$"$m$&!#C/$rMx$9$k$+$O1>$&$^$G$b$J$$!#Fq2rL5MQ$H1>$$$?$$!#(B
$B2~$a$F1>$&$,!";d$NK]Lu$b!"8~:dLu$,$J$1$l$P!"E~Dl@.="$7F@$J$$$N$G$"$k$+$i!"Bg$$$K46e$2$5$;$FLc$C$F$$$k$N$G$"$k!#/$J$j$H$b2f$,Lu$,!"$h$j$d$5$7$$Lu$,
$B1>$&$^$G$b$J$$$3$H$rDI2C$7$F$*$/$,!">h;;$d=|;;$G?t<0$,@.$jN)$C$F$$$k>l9g$K!"$=$NJQ?tCM$r(B0$B$H$7$?$i!"$I$&$J$k$+$O!">.3X@8$G$bJ,$+$k$G$"$m$&!#$=$&!"?t3XE*$K(B+$B!]$N@$3&$G$N8x<0$K8BDj$7$?>l9g$NOC$H$7$F!"(Bc = 0 $B$G$"$j!"(Bwe know that surplus-value is purely the result of a variation in the value of v, of that portion of the capital which is transformed into labour-power; $B$H$=$NFbMF$r6/D4$7$F$$$k$H$3$m$r!"GD0.$7$F$$$?$@$-$?$$!#M>CLM>7W$H$O;W$&$,!#(B
$B!J(B6$B!K!!$b$&>/$7Fq$7$$E@$,!"=i$a$N2DJQ;qK\$N7A<0$f$($K!"Ds5/$5$l$k!#2f!9$NNc$K$h$l$P!"(BC' = $BITJQ;qK\(B410$B1Q%]%s%I(B+ $B2DJQ;qK\(B90$B1Q%]%s%I(B+ $B>jM>2ACM(B90$B1Q%]%s%I$G$"$k!#$7$+$7A0$C$F!"ITJQNL$G$"$k!#$K$b$+$+$o$i$:!"$=$l$O!"IT9gM}$K$b!"2DJQNL$H$7$F07$o$l$k$b$N$H$7$FI=$l$F$$$k!#$7$+$7!";v$C$F!"$b$7!"!V2DJQ;qK\(B90$B1Q%]%s%I!W$H$$$&$3$N$h$&$JI=8=$H!"$^$?$O!"!V<+8J3HBg$9$k$=$N$h$&$J2ACM!W$H$$$&I=8=$,L7=b$7$?$b$N$H$7$F8+$($k$J$i$P!"$=$l$O$?$@!"$=$l$i$,!";qK\
$B!J(B7$B!K!!:G=i$O!"ITJQ;qK\$r(B0$B$H$_$J$9$3$H$O!"4q0[$J9M$(J}$G$"$k$H;W$&$G$"$m$&!#$@$,!"F|>oE*$K2f!9$O$=$N$h$&$K$7$F$$$k!#$b$7!"Nc$H$7$F!"2f!9$,!"LJ9)6H$+$i$N!"1Q9q$NMx1W$NBg$-$5$r7W;;$7$?$$$H;W$($P!"$^$:$OBh0l$K!"2f!9$O!"%"%a%j%+9g=09q!"%$%s%I!"%(%8%W%H$=$7$FB>$N9q!9$NLJ$K;YJ'$C$?Am3[$r95=|$9$k!#B>$N8@MU$G1>$($P!"@8;:J*$N2ACM$KC1$K:F8=$5$l$k;qK\$N2ACM$,!"(B0$B$HCV$+$l$k!#(B
$B!J(B8$B!K!!L^O@!">jM>2ACMN($O!">jM>2ACM$,D>@\E*$KH/>r$9$k;qK\$N$=$NItJ,!"$=$N2ACM$NJQ2=$rI=$9;qK\$N$=$NItJ,$rJ,Jl$H$9$k$b$N$G$"$k$P$+$j$G$O$J$/!"$^$?!"A0B_$7;qK\Am3[$rJ,Jl$H$9$k$b$N$G$"$k$3$H$b!"7P:QE*8+CO$+$i$OBgJQ=EMW$J$3$H$G$"$k!#$G$"$k$+$i!"2f!9$O!"Bh;04,$G!"$3$NN($K$D$$$FE0DlE*$Kr7o$K$h$C$FM?$($i$l$F$$$kHfN($G!"A0B_$7$5$l$F$$$J$1$l$P$J$i$J$$!#$H$O$$$(!"2=3XE*2aDx$KI,MW$J%l%H%k%H$dMF4o$,@0$C$?$+$i$H1>$C$F!"2=3XCLE*A^F~$G?=$7Lu$J$$$,!"8~:dLu$H9g$o$;$F<($7$FCV$/$N$,$$$$$H;W$C$?!#!!(BThe circumstance, however, that retorts and other vessels, are necessary to a chemical process, does not compel the chemist to notice them in the result of his analysis.$B!!!V$7$+$7!"2=3XE*2aDx$K!">xN14o$=$NB>$NMF4o$r;HMQ$9$k$H$$$&;v>p$O!"J,@O$K:]$7$F>xN14o$=$N$b$N$+$iCj>]$9$k$H$$$&$3$H$rK8$2$k$b$N$G$O$J$$!#!W(B $BB3$/K\J85-=R$rFI$s$G9T$1$P!";d$NLu$,E,@Z$G$"$k$HH=CG$7$FBW$1$k$G$"$m$&!#!K$b$7!"2f!9$,!"@8;:$N4X78$H$O@Z$jN%$7$F8+$k$J$i$P!"$=$l$i$O!"C1=c$K!"AG:`$H$7$FI=$l$F$/$k!#$=$l$O!"O+F/NO$,!"2ACM$rAOB$$9$kNO$,!"O+F/NO<+BN$r0lBN2=$9$kBP>]$H$7$F$NAG:`$H$7$FI=$l$F$/$k!#<+A3$b!"$3$NAG:`$b!"$J$s$i=EMW$G$O$J$$!#$?$@0l$D=EMW$J$N$O!"@8;:2aDx$K$*$$$F!"3HBg$5$l$?O+F/$r5[<}$9$k$K=$&$3$H$G$"$k!#0lC6M?$($i$l$?$3$N$h$&$J6!5k$G!"AG:`$N2ACM$O>e>:$^$?$O2
$B!!K\J8Cm(B: $B%k%/%l%F%#%&%9$,=R$Y$?$3$H$O!"<+L@$G$"$k!#!V(B$BL5$OL5$NAOB$$B!W(B( $B%i%F%s8l(B ) $BL5$+$i$O!"2?$b:n$j=P$;$J$$!#2ACM$NAOB$$O!"O+F/NO$NO+F/$X$NJQ49$G$"$k!#O+F/NO<+BN$O!";|$7$_?<[email protected]?^(B ( by means of nourishing matter. $BLu
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